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{{Short description|Early packet switching network (1969–1990)}}
−{{for-multi|the episode of the television series The Americans|Arpanet (The Americans)}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2020}}
−{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
+{{dmy|date=February 2020}}
+{{For-multi|the episode of the television series The Americans|Arpanet (The Americans)}}
{{Infobox telecommunications network
+| image = Arpanet logical map, march 1977.png
−| image = [[File:Arpanet logical map, march 1977.png|300px]]
+| caption = ARPANET logical map, March 1977
−| caption = ARPANET logical map, March 1977
−| type = Data<!-- data | voice | mobile | data and voice -->
−| location = [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]]
−| operator = From 1975, [[Defense Communications Agency]]
−| protocols = [[OSI model#Layer architecture|Layers]] 1-3: [[1822 protocol]] (IMP-host), internal/undocumented (IMP-IMP) <br /> Layers 4+: [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|NCP]], later [[TCP/IP]]
+* [[OSI model#Layer architecture|Layers]] 1-3: [[Interface Message Processor#BNN Report 1822|1822 protocol]] (IMP-host), internal/undocumented (IMP-IMP)
−| established = {{start date and age|1969}}
+* Layers 4+: [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|NCP]], later [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]]}}
−| closed = {{start date and age|1990}}
−| funding = From 1966, [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA)
+| operator = [[Defense Information Systems Agency]] {{sma|(from 1975)}}
−| website =<!-- {{URL}} -->
+| established = {{sda|1969}}
+| closed = {{End date and age|1990}}
+| rev = [[DARPA]] {{sma|(from 1966)}}
}}
[[File:Arpanet in the 1970s.png|thumb|upright=1.35|ARPANET access points in the 1970s]]
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As with the NPL network, the first-generation IMPs were built using a [[rugged computer]] version of the [[Honeywell]] [[DDP-516]] computer, configured with {{gaps|24|[[kibibyte|KB]]}} of expandable [[magnetic-core memory]], and a 16-channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) [[direct memory access]] unit.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wise|first=Adrian|url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=551|title=Honeywell DDP-516|website=Old-Computers.com|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104820/https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=551|archive-date=26 July 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> The DMC established custom interfaces with each of the host computers and modems. In addition to the front-panel lamps, the DDP-516 computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels. Each IMP could support up to four local hosts and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs via early [[Digital Signal 0]] leased telephone lines. The network connected one computer in Utah with three in California. Later, the Department of Defense allowed the universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources.
The first four nodes were designated as a testbed for developing and debugging the [[1822 protocol]], which was a major undertaking. While they were connected electronically in 1969, network applications were not possible until the [[Network Control Program (ARPANET)|Network Control Program]] was implemented in 1970, enabling the first two host-host protocols, remote login ([[Telnet]]) and file transfer ([[FTP]]) which were specified and implemented between 1969 and 1973.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="LINCP">{{Cite web|title=NCP, Network Control Program|url=https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_ncp.htm|website=Living Internet|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> The network was declared operational in 1971. Network traffic began to grow once [[email]] was established at the majority of sites by around 1973.<ref name=":5" />
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NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of ''application protocols'' that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service, and permitted independent advances in the underlying protocols.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
−The various application protocols, such as [[TELNET]] for remote time-sharing access and [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), the latter used to enable rudimentary electronic mail, were developed and eventually ported to run over the TCP/IP protocol suite. In the 1980s, FTP for email was replaced by the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] and, later, [[Post Office Protocol|POP]] and [[IMAP]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
+The various application protocols, such as [[Telnet]] for remote time-sharing access and [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), the latter used to enable rudimentary electronic mail, were developed and eventually ported to run over the TCP/IP protocol suite. In the 1980s, FTP for email was replaced by the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] and, later, [[Post Office Protocol|POP]] and [[IMAP]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
Telnet was developed in 1969, beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 855.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
