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Mechanomyogram

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The mechanomyogram (MMG) is the mechanical signal observable from the surface of a muscle when the muscle is contracted. At the onset of muscle contraction, gross changes in the muscle shape cause a large peak in the MMG. Subsequent vibrations are due to oscillations of the muscle fibres at the resonance frequency of the muscle. The mechanomyogram is also known as the phonomyogram, acoustic myogram, sound myogram, vibromyogram or muscle sound.

Signal characteristics

The MMG is a low frequency vibration that may be observed when a muscle is contracted using suitable measuring techniques.¹

Measurement techniques

It can be measured using an accelerometer or a microphone placed on the skin over the belly of the muscle. When measured using a microphone, it may be termed the acoustic myogram.

Uses

The MMG may provide a useful alternative to the electromyogram (EMG) for monitoring muscle activity. It has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the surface EMG and thus can be used to monitor muscle activity from deeper muscles without using invasive measurement techniques. It is currently the subject of research activity into prosthetic control and assistive technologies for the disabled.²

History

Muscle sounds were first described in print by the Jesuit scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi³ in a posthumous publication of 1665, which influenced the work of the English physician William Hyde Wollaston⁴ and the German physicist Paul Erman.⁵ The latter enlisted the aid of René Laennec. Mechanical amplification was first employed by Hermann von Helmholtz. The past two centuries of repeated rediscovery and neglect of the phenomenon were summarised by Stokes and Blythe⁶ in 2001.

References

1Beck TW, Housh TJ, Cramer JT, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Coburn JW, et al. (December 2005). "Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: a comprehensive review". BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 4: 67. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-4-67. PMC 1343566. PMID 16364182.
2Krasoulis A, Kyranou I, Erden MS, Nazarpour K, Vijayakumar S (July 2017). "Improved prosthetic hand control with concurrent use of myoelectric and inertial measurements". Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 14 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/s12984-017-0284-4. PMC 5505040. PMID 28697795.
3Grimaldi FM (1665). . Bologna. p. 383.

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Terminology

MMG: The mechanomyogram (MMG) is the mechanical signal observable from the surface of a muscle when the muscle is contracted.

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Vibration
Mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point
In mechanics, vibration (from Latin vibrāre 'to shake') is an oscillation of matter about an equilibrium point.
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Resonance
Physical characteristic of oscillating systems
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency) of the system, defined as a frequency that generates a maximum amplitude response in the system.
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Oscillation
Repetitive variation of some measure about a central value
Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states.
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Fiber
Natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide
Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.
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Phonomyography
Medical diagnostic method
Phonomyography (PMG) (also known as acoustic myography, sound myography, vibromyography, and surface mechanomyogram) is a technique to measure the force of muscle contraction by recording the low frequency sounds created during muscular activity.
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Muscle
Biological tissue that allows movement
Muscle is a specialised soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissues.
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Artificial device that replaces a missing body part
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Electromyography
Electrodiagnostic medicine technique
Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
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Microphone
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
A microphone, colloquially called a mic, or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
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Accelerometer
Device that measures proper acceleration
An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object.
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Signal-to-noise ratio
Ratio of the desired signal to the background noise
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Hermann von Helmholtz
German physicist and physiologist (1821–1894)
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894; "von" from 1883) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.
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William Hyde Wollaston
English chemist and physicist (1766–1828)
William Hyde Wollaston (6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium.
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