Skip to content
Main menu
  • Main page
  • Discover
  • Unexpected connections
  • Topics
  • Random article
  • Search
Your library
  • Saved articles
  • Recent discoveries
  • Rabbit-hole trails
Topic areas
  • Computer Science
  • Mathematics
  • Physics
  • Engineering
  • Biology
  • Economics
  • Curiosities
WikiholeDeeper into Wikipedia
EnglishEN
  • Saved
  • History

  • Article text and media come live from Wikipedia via the official MediaWiki API and are available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. Each article links to its source and revision.
  • WikiHole is an independent project and is not affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.
  • How ranking works
  • All topics
  • Reading history
  • Random article
  • MediaWiki API

Reflex

  • Article
  • Rabbit hole
  • Read
  • View history
Tools
Actions
  • Read
  • View history
General
  • Recent changes
  • Related articles
  • Random discovery
This article
Reading time
7 min
Topic
Biology
Quality
Start-class
Views
1.7k in 14 days
Last edited
15 Oct 2026
Print/export
  • Printable version
In other projects
  • Wikidata item
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rabbit hole:
  1. Reflex

In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action1 and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus.23

For other uses, see Reflex (disambiguation).

"Reflectory" redirects here. For the album, see Reflectory (album).

The simplest reflex is initiated by a stimulus, which activates an afferent nerve. The signal is then passed to a response neuron, which generates a response.

Reflexes are found with varying levels of complexity in organisms with a nervous system. A reflex occurs via neural pathways in the nervous system called reflex arcs. A stimulus initiates a neural signal, which is carried to a synapse. The signal is then transferred across the synapse to a motor neuron, which evokes a target response. These neural signals do not always travel to the brain, so many reflexes are an automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need conscious thought.

4
5

Many reflexes are fine-tuned to increase organism survival and self-defense.6 This is observed in reflexes such as the startle reflex, which provides an automatic response to an unexpected stimulus, and the feline righting reflex, which reorients a cat's body when falling to ensure safe landing. The simplest type of reflex, a short-latency reflex, has a single synapse, or junction, in the signaling pathway.7 Long-latency reflexes produce nerve signals that are transduced across multiple synapses before generating the reflex response.

Loading the rest of the article…

Recent changes

Rabbit hole

Where Reflex leads. Every connection below has a source: a link in this article, a shared Wikipedia category, or CirrusSearch text similarity. Articles already on your trail are left out.

Contents
  • (Top)
  • Types of human reflexes
  • Grading
  • Reflex modulation
  • Other reflexes
  • History
  • See also
  • References
  • Recent changes
  • Rabbit hole
Contents
Contents9 sections
  • (Top)
  • Types of human reflexes
  • Myotatic reflex
  • Tendon reflex
  • Reflexes involving cranial nerves
  • Reflexes usually only observed in human infants
  • Other kinds of reflexes
  • Grading
  • Reflex modulation
  • Other reflexes
  • History
  • See also
  • References
  • Recent changes
  • Rabbit hole
Study aids for Reflex

Terminology

reflex action
In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus.
deep tendon reflexes
The myotatic or muscle stretch reflexes (sometimes known as deep tendon reflexes) provide information on the integrity of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
primitive reflexes
Newborn babies have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as primitive reflexes.

Terms the article defines in bold, quoted in context.

Categories:
  • Reflexes
  • Animal physiology

950 words · 26 references · revision 1380418174 · CC BY-SA 4.0

General
  • Recent changes
  • Related articles
  • Random discovery
This article
Reading time
7 min
Topic
Biology
Quality
Start-class
Views
1.7k in 14 days
Last edited
15 Oct 2026

Key concepts

  • Nervous system2
  • Startle response2
  • Biology1
  • Stimulus (physiology)1
  • Neural pathway1
  • Reflex arc1
  • Synapse1
  • Motor neuron1
  • Cat righting reflex1
  • Stretch reflex2

The articles this one links to most, weighted towards the introduction.

Print/export
  • Printable version
In other projects
  • Wikidata item

Types of human reflexes

Myotatic reflex

The myotatic or muscle stretch reflexes (sometimes known as deep tendon reflexes) provide information on the integrity of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. This information can be detected using electromyography (EMG).8 Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one.8 A stretch reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to its lengthwise stretch.

  • Biceps reflex (C5, C6)
  • Brachioradialis reflex (C5, C6, C7)
  • Extensor digitorum reflex (C6, C7)
  • Triceps reflex (C6, C7, C8)
  • Patellar reflex or knee-jerk reflex (L2, L3, L4)
  • Ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) (S1, S2)

While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and tonic vibration reflex for those stimulated to vibration.

Tendon reflex

A tendon reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to striking its tendon. The Golgi tendon reflex is the inverse of a stretch reflex.

Reflexes involving cranial nerves

NameSensoryMotor
Pupillary light reflexIIIII
Accommodation reflexIIIII
Jaw jerk reflexVV
Corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflexVVII
Glabellar reflexVVII
Vestibulo-ocular reflexVIIIIII, IV, VI +
Gag reflexIXX

Reflexes usually only observed in human infants

Main article: Primitive reflexes

Grasp reflex

Newborn babies have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as primitive reflexes. These automatic reactions to stimuli enable infants to respond to the environment before any learning has taken place. They include:

  • Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
  • Palmomental reflex
  • Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex
  • Palmar grasp reflex
  • Rooting reflex
  • Sucking reflex
  • Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
  • Tonic labyrinthine reflex

Other kinds of reflexes

An adult female dog scratching itself near Frederikshavn, 2025

Other reflexes found in the central nervous system include:

  • Abdominal reflexes (T6-L1)
  • Gastrocolic reflex
  • Anocutaneous reflex (S2-S4)
  • Baroreflex
  • Cough reflex
  • Cremasteric reflex (L1-L2)
  • Diving reflex
  • Lazarus sign
  • Muscular defense
  • Photic sneeze reflex
  • Scratch reflex
  • Sneeze
  • Startle response
  • Withdrawal reflex
    • Crossed extensor reflex

Many of these reflexes are quite complex, requiring a number of synapses in a number of different nuclei in the central nervous system (e.g., the escape reflex). Others of these involve just a couple of synapses to function (e.g., the withdrawal reflex). Processes such as breathing, digestion, and the maintenance of the heartbeat can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.

Grading

In medicine, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the nervous system. Doctors will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4. While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.

GradeDescription
0Absent ("mute")
1+ or +Hypoactive
2+ or ++"Normal"
3+ or +++Hyperactive without clonus, with spread to adjacent muscle groups
4+ or ++++Hyperactive with clonus

Depending on where you are, another way of grading is from –4 (absent) to +4 (clonus), where 0 is "normal".

Reflex modulation

An example of reflex reversal is depicted. Activating the same spinal reflex pathway can cause limb flexion while standing, and extension while walking.

Most reflexes are flexible and can be substantially modified to match the requirements of the behavior in both vertebrates and invertebrates.91011

A good example of reflex modulation is the stretch reflex.12131415 When a muscle is stretched at rest, the stretch reflex leads to contraction of the muscle, thereby opposing stretch (resistance reflex). This helps to stabilize posture. During voluntary movements, however, the intensity (gain) of the reflex is reduced or its sign is even reversed. This prevents resistance reflexes from impeding movements.

The underlying sites and mechanisms of reflex modulation are not fully understood. There is evidence that the output of sensory neurons is directly modulated during behavior—for example, through presynaptic inhibition.1617 The effect of sensory input upon motor neurons is also influenced by interneurons in the or and by descending signals from the brain.

Other reflexes

Breathing can also be considered both involuntary and voluntary, since breath can be held through internal intercostal muscles.212223

History

The concept of reflexes dates back to the 17th century with René Descartes. Descartes introduced the idea in his work "Treatise on Man", published posthumously in 1664. He described how the body could perform actions automatically in response to external stimuli without conscious thought. Descartes used the analogy of a mechanical statue to explain how sensory input could trigger motor responses in a deterministic and automatic manner.

The term "reflex" was introduced in the 19th century by the English physiologist Marshall Hall, who is credited with formulating the concept of reflex action and explaining it scientifically. He introduced the term to describe involuntary movements triggered by external stimuli, which are mediated by the spinal cord and the nervous system, distinct from voluntary movements controlled by the brain. Hall's significant work on reflex function was detailed in his 1833 paper, "On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis," published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, where he provided a clear account of how reflex actions were mediated by the spinal cord, independent of the brain's conscious control, distinguishing them from other neural activities.242526

See also

  • All-or-none law
  • Automatic behavior
  • Conditioned reflex
  • Instinct
  • Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
  • List of reflexes
  • Preflexes
  • Voluntary action

References

  1. 1parveen (November 11, 2020). "Reflex action | Definition, Types and Mechanism and Important solved questions". Crack Your Target. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  2. 2Purves (2004). Neuroscience: Third Edition. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-87893-725-0
  3. 3"Definition of reflex". Dictionary by Merriam-Webster. 25 December 2023.
  4. 4Hultborn H (2006-02-01). "Spinal reflexes, mechanisms and concepts: From Eccles to Lundberg and beyond". Progress in Neurobiology. 78 (3–5): 215–232. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.04.001. ISSN 0301-0082. PMID 16716488. S2CID 25904937.
spinal cord
ventral nerve cord
15
18
19
20
  • 5"tendon reflex". The Free Dictionary.
  • 6Price JL (2005-12-05). "Free will versus survival: Brain systems that underlie intrinsic constraints on behavior". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 493 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1002/cne.20750. ISSN 0021-9967. PMID 16255003. S2CID 18455906.
  • 7Pierrot-Deseilligny E (2005). The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord: Its Role in Motor Control and Movement Disorders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-54504-7.
  • 8Tsuji H, Misawa H, Takigawa T, Tetsunaga T, Yamane K, Oda Y, Ozaki T (2021-01-27). "Quantification of patellar tendon reflex using portable mechanomyography and electromyography devices". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 2284. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.2284T. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81874-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7840930. PMID 33504836.
  • 9Pearson KG (1993). "Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 16: 265–97. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001405. PMID 8460894.
  • 10Büschges A, Manira AE (December 1998). "Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 8 (6): 733–9. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80115-3. PMID 9914236. S2CID 18521928.
  • 11Tuthill JC, Azim E (March 2018). "Proprioception". Current Biology. 28 (5): R194–R203. Bibcode:2018CBio...28.R194T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064. PMID 29510103. S2CID 235330764.
  • 12Bässler U (March 1976). "Reversal of a reflex to a single motoneuron in the stick insect Çarausius morosus". Biological Cybernetics. 24 (1): 47–49. doi:10.1007/BF00365594. ISSN 1432-0770. S2CID 12007820.
  • 13Forssberg H, Grillner S, Rossignol S (August 1977). "Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion". Brain Research. 132 (1): 121–39. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90710-7. PMID 890471. S2CID 32578292.
  • 14Capaday C, Stein RB (May 1986). "Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing". The Journal of Neuroscience. 6 (5): 1308–13. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01308.1986. PMC 6568550. PMID 3711981.
  • 15Clarac F, Cattaert D, Le Ray D (May 2000). "Central control components of a 'simple' stretch reflex" (PDF). Trends in Neurosciences. 23 (5): 199–208. doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01535-0. PMID 10782125. S2CID 10113723.
  • 16Wolf H, Burrows M (August 1995). "Proprioceptive sensory neurons of a locust leg receive rhythmic presynpatic inhibition during walking". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (8): 5623–36. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05623.1995. PMC 6577635. PMID 7643206.
  • 17Sauer AE, Büschges A, Stein W (April 1997). "Role of presynaptic inputs to proprioceptive afferents in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint control network". Journal of Neurobiology. 32 (4): 359–76. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199704)32:4<359::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 9087889.
  • 18Mu L, Ritzmann RE (December 20, 2007). "Interaction between descending input and thoracic reflexes for joint coordination in cockroach: I. descending influence on thoracic sensory reflexes". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 194 (3): 283–98. doi:10.1007/s00359-007-0307-x. PMID 18094976. S2CID 25167774.
  • 19Martin JP, Guo P, Mu L, Harley CM, Ritzmann RE (November 2015). "Central-complex control of movement in the freely walking cockroach". Current Biology. 25 (21): 2795–2803. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2795M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.044. PMID 26592340.
  • 20Hsu LJ, Zelenin PV, Orlovsky GN, Deliagina TG (February 2017). "Supraspinal control of spinal reflex responses to body bending during different behaviours in lampreys". The Journal of Physiology. 595 (3): 883–900. doi:10.1113/JP272714. PMC 5285725. PMID 27589479.
  • 21Mitchell RA, Berger AJ (February 1975). "Neural regulation of respiration". The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 111 (2). American Thoracic Society: 206–224. doi:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.2.206 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 0003-0805. PMID 1089375.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  • 22Park HD, Barnoud C, Trang H, Kannape OA, Schaller K, Blanke O (February 6, 2020). "Breathing is coupled with voluntary action and the cortical readiness potential". Nature Communications. 11 (1). Nature Portfolio: 289. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..289P. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13967-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7005287. PMID 32029711.
  • 23"21.10B: Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)". Medicine LibreTexts. 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  • 24"Marshall Hall". Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  • 25"Human nervous system - Reflex Actions, Motor Pathways, Sensory Pathways". Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  • 26"Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  • Created
    27 Nov 2003
    History
    1,200 edits
    715 contributors
    1 edit in the last 30 days
    Last edited
    15 Oct 2026

    1,200 revisions in total · 715 contributors · +28 / 0 bytes across 1 edits by 1 contributor in the last 30 days

    1. 15 Oct 2026, 16:25 UTCVycl1994No edit summary+28diff
    2. 27 Jun 2026, 13:48 UTCOmnipaedistaWP:REFSPAM−691diff
    3. 21 Jun 2026, 06:37 UTCIztwoz§ Reflex modulation cut to the chase−69diff
    4. 27 May 2026, 11:56 UTCTrappist the monkUndid revision 1356379138 by OSINTsparrow (talk) broke citation templates;−35diff
    5. 27 May 2026, 11:53 UTCOSINTsparrowmPunctuation edits.+16diff
    6. 5 Feb 2026, 10:35 UTCPindpatroImage of dog+106diff
    7. 27 Aug 2025, 22:03 UTCInternetArchiveBotRescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5+155diff
    8. 30 Jul 2025, 10:23 UTCIztwoz§ See also rm non-existent pages−47diff

    View full revision history

    Created
    27 Nov 2003
    History
    1,200 edits
    715 contributors
    1 edit in the last 30 days
    Last edited
    15 Oct 2026

    Related articles are unavailable right now.

    Wikipedia is rate limiting us right now. Try again in a minute.